Oil & Gas Glossary 1.0

The state in fluid dynamics of a fluid in motion is determined by the type of fluid (e.g., Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant); the properties of the fluid such as viscosity and density; the geometry of the system; and the velocity. Thus, under a given set of conditions and fluid properties, the fluid flow can be described as plug flow, laminar (called also Newtonian, streamline, parallel, or viscous) flow, or turbulent flow.

The erratic, nonlinear flow of a fluid, caused by high velocity. Characterized by random eddying flow patterns superimposed on the general flow progressing in a given direction.

Flow of a fluid in which no turbulence occurs. The fluid follows a well-defined, continuous path.

A device that controls the rate of flow of fluid in a line or opens or shuts off the flow of fluid completely. When open, the sealing surface of the valve is moved away from a seat; when closed, the sealing surface contacts the seat to shut off flow. The direction of movement of the valve is usually perpendicular to the seat. Popper valves are used extensively as pneumatic (air) controls on drilling rigs and as intake and exhausts valves in most internal-combustion engines.

The ability of a rock to transmit fluid through the pore spaces. - A key influence on the rate of flow, movement and drainage of the fluids. There is no necessary relation between porosity and permeability. A rock may be highly porous and yet impermeable if there is no communication between pores. A highly porous sand is usually highly permeable. A measure of the ease with which a fluid flows through the connecting pore spaces of rock or cement. The unit of measurement is the millidarcy. Fluid conductivity of a porous medium. Ability of a fluid to flow within the interconnected pore network of a porous medium.

A method of stimulating production by opening new flow channels in the rock surrounding a production well. Often call a frac job. Under extremely high hydraulic pressure, a fluid (such as distillate, diesel fuel, crude oil, dilute hydrochloric acid, water, or kerosene) is pumped downward through production tubing or drill pipe and forced out below a packer or between two packers. The pressure causes cracks to open in the formation, and the fluid penetrates the formation through the cracks. Sand grains, aluminum pellets, walnut shells, or similar materials (propping agents) are carried in suspension by the fluid into the cracks. When the pressure is released at the surface, the fracturing fluid returns to the well. The cracks partially close on the pellets, leaving channels for oil to flow around them to the well. See explosive fracturing, hydraulic fracturing.

Refers to a fluid piping system in which flow impinges on a lead-filled end (target) or a piping tee when fluid transits a change in direction.

A device used to restrict fluid flow to one direction. It consists of a polished sphere, or ball, usually or metal, and an annular piece, the seat, ground and polished to form a seal with the surface of the ball. Gravitational force or the force of a spring holds the ball against the seat. Flow in the direction of the force is presented, while flow in in the opposite direction overcomes the force and unseats the ball.

A measure of the ability of a single fluid to flow through a rock when another fluid is also present in the pore spaces. Compare absolute permeability, relative permeability.

The ratio of effective permeability to absolute permeability. The relative permeability of rock to a single fluid is 1.0 when only that fluid is present, and 0.0 when the presence of another fluid prevents all flow of the given fluid. Compare absolute permeability, effective permeability.

A measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow. Resistance is brought about by the internal friction resulting from the combined effects of cohesion and adhesion. The viscosity of petroleum products is commonly expressed in terms of the time required for a specific volume of the liquid to flow through a capillary tube of a specific size at a given temperature.

Drawn in and transported by the flow of a fluid.

A vibrating screen used to remove cuttings from the circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations. The size of the openings in the screen should be carefully selected to be the smallest size possible that will allow 100 percent flow of the fluid. Also called a shaker.

A fluid moving as a unit in which all shear stress occurs at the pipe wall and hole wall. The stream thus assumes the shape of several telescopic layers of fluid with lowest velocities near the pipe and hole walls and the fastest in the middle.

A device to monitor rate of fluid from the annulus.

One-hundredth of a poise; a measure of a fluid's viscosity, or resistance to flow.

A device that continually measures and may record the flow rate of mud returning from the annulus and flowing out of the mud return line. If the mud does not flow at a fairly constant rate, a kick or lost circulation may have occurred.

A choke, used to regulate flow of fluid from a well. Different sizes of beans are used for different producing rates.

Removing fluid from the tubing in a well, often by means of a swab, to lower the bottomhole pressure in the wellbore at the perforations and induce the well to flow.

V: 1. to operate a swab on a wireline to bring well fluids to the surface when the w4ell does not flow naturally. Swabbing is a temporary operation to determine whether the well can be made to flow. If the well does not flow after being swabbed, a pump is installed a a permanent lifting device to bring the oil to the surface.

An uncontrolled flow of gas, salt water, or other fluid out of the wellbore and into another formation that the wellbore has penetrated.

A measure of the ability of a single fluid (such as water, gas, or oil) to flow through a rock formation when the formation is totally filled (saturated) with a single fluid. The permeability measure of a rock filled with a single fluid is different from the permeability measure of the same rock filled with two or more fluids. See effective permeability.

The yield value (commonly called "yield point") is the resistance to initial flow, or represents the stress required to start fluid movement. This resistance is due to electrical charges located on or near the surfaces of the particles. The values of the yield point and thixotropy, respectively, are measurements of the same fluid properties under dynamic and static states. The Bingham yield value, reported in lb/100 square feet, is determined by the direct-indicating viscometer by subtracting the plastic viscosity from the 300-rpm reading.

A piece of downhole equipment, consisting of a sealing device, a holding or setting device, and an inside passage for fluids, used to block the flow of fluids through the annular space between the tubing and the wall of the wellbore by sealing off the space between them. It is usually made up in the tubing string some distance above the producing zone. A packing element expands to prevent fluid flow except through the inside bore of the packer and into the tubing. Packers are classified according to configuration, use, and method of setting and whether or not they are retrievable (that is, whether they can be removed when necessary, or whether they must be milled or drilled out and thus destroyed).

A device inserted in a flow line to regulate the rate of flow.

An absolute flow property indicating the flow resistance of certain types of fluids. It is a measure of shearing stress.

A plug in the flow line at the well head which has a small hole drilled through it through which oil flows, and which keeps a well from flowing at too high a rate.

A device placed in a choke line that regulates the flow through the choke. Flow depends on the size of the opening in the bean; the larger the opening, the greater the flow.

A hydrocarbon and water compound that is formed under reduced temperature and pressure in gathering, compression, and transmission facilities for gas. Hydrates often accumulate in troublesome amounts and impede fluid flow. They resemble snow or ice.

To let a well flow at too high a rate.

A device used to direct fluid flowing from a well away from the drilling rig. When a kick is encountered at shallow depths, the well often cannot be shut in safely; therefore, a diverter is used to allow the well to flow through a side outlet (a diverter line).

Prevention of formation fluid flow by maintaining a hydrostatic pressure equal to or greater than formation pressure

Volume flow rate of circulating drilling fluid expressed in gallons or barrels per minute

See Newtonian fluid.

See plastic fluid

The valve on the choke and flow line that is nearest to the preventer assembly. Its purpose is to stop the flow through the choke and flow line.

A tubing sub made of abrasion-resistant material and used in a tubing string where turbulent flow may cause internal erosion.

An extension from the blowout preventer assembly used to direct control the flow of well fluids from the annulus to the choke.

Any equipment designed to be pumped down a completed well to effect a repair, modify the well's flow, or for other reasons.

See mud-flow indicator

See laminar flow.

Viscosity as measured by the Marsh funnel, based on the number of second it takes for 1,000 cubic centimeters of drilling fluid to flow through the funnel.

A fitting placed in the blowout preventer stack to provide space between preventers for facilitating stripping operations, to permit attachment of choke and kill lines, and for localizing possible erosion by fluid flow to the spool instead of to the more expensive pieces of equipment.

Preliminary test to confirm flow rate through a tool prior to going downhole.

A check valve in the drill string that will allow fluid to be pumped into the well but will prevent flow from entering the string.

A hollow, rubber-faced cylinder mounted on a hollow mandrel with a pin joint on the upper end to connect to the swab line. A check valve that opens upward on the lower end provides a way to remove the fluid from the well when pressure is insufrficien5t to support flow.

That velocity at the transitional point between laminar and turbulent types of fluid flow. This point occurs in the transitional range of Reynolds numbers of approximately 2,000 to 3,000.

An uncontrolled flow of gas, oil, or other well fluids into the atmosphere or into an underground formation. A blowout, or gusher, can occur when formation pressure exceeds the pressure applied to it by the column of drilling fluid.

A special drill stem valve that, when in open position, allows fluid to flow through it, thus allowing the valve to be stabbed into the drill stem.

A rotary tool that is hung from the rotary hook and traveling block to suspend the drill stem and to permit it to rotate freely. it also provides a connection fore the rotary hose and a passageway of the flow of drilling fluid into the drill stem.

A flange equipped with plastic pieces to separate its metal parts, thus preventing the flow of electric current. Insulating flanges are often used in cathodic protection systems to prevent electrolytic corrosion and are sometimes installed when a flow line is being attached to a wellhead.

Circulating fluid, one function of which is to force cuttings out of the wellbore and to the surface. Other functions are to cool the bit and to counteract downhole formation pressure. While a mixture of barite, clay, water, and chemical additives is the most common drilling fluid, wells can also be drilled by using air, gas, water, or oil-base mud as the drilling fluid. See mud.

An opening of a measured diameter that is used for measuring the flow of fluid through a pipe, the orifice must be of smaller diameter than the pipe diameter. It is drilled into an orifice plate held by an orifice fitting.

A reduction in the pressure of a fluid caused by its motion against an enclosed surface (such as a pipe). As the fluid moves through the pipe, friction between the fluid and the pipe wall and within the fluid itself creates a pressure loss. The faster the fluid moves, the greater are the losses.

A globe valve that contains a sharp, pointed, needle-like plug that is driven into and out of a cone-shaped seat to control accurately a relatively small rate of fluid flow. In a fuel injector, the fuel pressure forces the needle valve off its seat to allow injection.

Commonly called the funnel viscosity. The Marsh funnel viscosity is reported as the number of seconds required for a given fluid to flow 1 qt through the Marsh funnel. In some areas, the efflux quantity is 1,000 cc. See API-RP13B for instructions. See also kinematic viscosity.

1. a scraping tool that is forced through a pipeline or flow line to clean out accumulations of wax, scale, and debris from the walls of the pipe. It travels with the flow of product in the line, cleaning the pipe walls by means of blades or brushes affixed to it. Also called a line scraper or a go-devil.

Process of separating, or breaking down, an emulsion into oil and water in a vessel or tank on a continuous basis (i.e., no interruption of flow of emulsion into the tank or vessel). Compare batch treating.

2. a device for the separation of various particles from a drilling fluid, most commonly used as a desander. The fluid is pumped tangentially into a cone, and the fluid rotation provides enough centrifugal force to separate particles by mass weight.

1. an accessory system of piping to a main piping system (or another conductor) that serves to divide a flow into several parts, to combine several flows into one, or to reroute a flow to any one of several possible destinations. 2. a pipe fitting with several side outlets to connect it with other pipes. 3. a fitting on an internal combustion engine made to receive exhaust gases from several cylinders.

1. a reduction in the amount of force a fluid exerts against a surface, such as the walls of a pipe. It usually occurs because the fluid is moving against the surface and is caused by the friction between the fluid and the surface.

An operation in which a specially blended liquid is pumped down a well and into a formation under pressure high enough to cause the formation to crack open, forming passages through which oil can flow into the wellbore. Sand grains, aluminum pellets, glass beads, or similar materials are carried in suspension into the fractures. When the pressure is released at the surface, the fractures partially close on the proppants, leaving channels for oil to flow through to the well. Compare explosive fracturing.

Any type of fluid used in the workover operation of a well. See completion fluid.

Drilling fluid formulated so that it will not alter the properties of the cuttings the fluid carries up the well.

A substance, usually a solid, that separates from a fluid because of a chemical or physical change in the fluid. v: to separate in this manner

Distance between well head and point to which fluid rises in the well.

The unit weight of fluid, e.g., pounds per gallon.

Well-control fluid that has been reduced in density or unit weight as a result of entrainment of less-dense formation fluids or air

In drilling-fluid terminology, a chemical is any material that produces changes in the viscosity, yield point, gel strength, fluid loss, and surface tension.

An examination of reservoir fluid in a laboratory under various pressures, volumes, and temperatures to determine the characteristics and behavior of the fluid.

A formation fluid sampling device, actually run on conductor line rather than wireline, that also logs flow and shut-in pressure in rock near the borehole. A spring mechanism holds a pad firmly against the sidewall while a piston creates a vacuum in a test chamber. Formation fluids enter the tes5t chamber through a valve in the pad. A recorder logs the rate at which the test chamber is filled. Fluids may also be drawn to fill a sampling chamber. Wireline formation tests may be done any number of times during one tip in the hole, so they are very useful in formation testing.

The process of raising or lifting fluid from a well by injecting gas down the well through tubing or through the tubing-casing annulus. Injected gas aerates the fluid to make it exert less pressure than the formation does; consequently, the higher formation pressure forces the fluid out of the wellbore. Gas may be injected continuously or intermittently, depending on the producing characteristics of the well and the arrangement of the gas-lift equipment.

The presence in a drilling fluid of any foreign material that may tend to produce detrimental properties of the drilling fluid.

Low-solids fluid or drilling mud used when a well is being completed. it is selected not only for its ability to control formation pressure, but also for the properties that minimize formation damage.

A well that will not flow.

Abbreviation: through-the-flow-line.

2. block off the flow of oil into the wellbore.

A centrifugal device for removing sand from drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of the pumps. It may be operated mechanically or by a fast-moving stream of fluid inside a special cone-shaped vessel. Compare desilter.

A pipe through which flow is downward.

The flow of fluids within a pipe.

A granular substance (sand grains, aluminum pellets, or other material) that is carried in suspension by the fracturing fluid and that serves to keep the cracks open when fracturing fluid is withdrawn after a fracture treatment.

The amount of fluid placed in a well to serve as a pad, which is a special fluid used for any special purpose.

Fluid (such as gas, oil, or water) that exists in a subsurface rock formation.

The conventional method of formation testing. The basic drill stem test tool consists of a packer or packers, valve or ports that may be opened and closed from the surface, and two or more pressure-recording devices. The tool is lowered on the drill string to the zone to be tested. The packer or packers are set to isolate the zone from the drilling fluid column. The valves or ports are then opened to allow for formation flow while the recorders chart static pressures. A sampling chamber traps dean formation fluids at the end of the test. Analysis of the pressure charts is an important part of formation testing.

A well flowing oil at irregular intervals.

A special valve installed below the kelly. Usually, the valve is open so that drilling fluid can flow out of the kelly and down the drill stem. It can, however, be manually closed with a special wrench when necessary. In one case, the valve is closed and broken out, still attached to the kelly to prevent drilling mud in the kelly from draining onto the rig floor. In another case, when kick pressure inside the drill stem exists, the drill stem safety valve is close to prevent the pressure from escaping up the drill stem.

A liquid, usually salt water or oil, but sometimes mud, used in a well when a packer is between the tubing and the casing. Packer fluid must be heavy enough to shut off the pressure of the formation being produced, must not stiffen or settle out of suspension over long periods of time, and must be noncorrosive.

Plates which change the direction of flow of fluids.

2. extract or cause to flow by means of a borehole, e.g., to tape a reservoir.

The surface pipes through which oil travels from the well to storage.

A complex, non-Newtonian fluid in which the shear force is not proportional to the shear rate. Most drilling muds are plastic fluids.

An influx of formation salt water into the wellbore

The level to which fluid rises in a well when the well is shut in.

Dissolved calcium ions in sufficient concentration to impart undesirable properties, such as flocculation, reduction in yield of bentonite, and increased fluid loss, in a drilling fluid. See also calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, gypsum.

The high rate of flow made by a good well right after it is drilled.

The surface pipe through which oil travels from a well to processing equipment or to storage.

A drilling mud that contains entrained formation gas, giving the mud a characteristically fluffy texture. Then entrained gas in not released before the fluid returns to the well, the weight or density of the fluid column is reduced. Because a large amount of gas in mud lowers its density, gas-cut mud must be treated to reduce the chance of a kick.

The measured 10-min gel strength of a fluid is the maximum reading (deflection) taken from a direct-reading viscometer after the fluid has been quiescent for 10 minutes. The reading is reported in lb/100 sq. ft. See API RP 13B for details of test procedure.

An instrument that measures fluid pressure and usually registers the difference between atmospheric pressure and the pressure of the fluid by indicating the effect of such pressures on a measuring element (e.g., a column of liquid, pressure in a Bourdon tube, a weighted piston, or a diaphragm).

The cohesion of the individual particles of a given material (i.e., its ability to deform or its resistance to flow).

A device used to clean deposits of paraffin from tubing or flow lines (see pig or rabbit).

2. the amount of pressure indicated by a drill pipe pressure gauge when drilling fluid is being circulated by the mud pump. Pressure losses occur as the fluid is circulated.

A hinged closure mechanism operating in a pivot manner, used to shut off tubing flow.

A thermal device employed on surface flow lines as part of an emergency shutdown.

In the United States, a measure of the rate of flow of a well; the total amount of oil and other fluids produced or processed per day.

A phenomenon that often occurs in an injection project in which the fluid being injected does not contact the entire reservoir but bypasses sections of the reservoir fluids in a finger-like manner. Fingering is not desirable, because portions of the reservoir are not contacted by the injection fluid.

A bull plug or blind flange at the end of a tee to prevent erosion at a point where change in flow direction occurs.

An entry of water, gas, oil, or other formation fluid into the wellbore during drilling. It occurs because the pressure exerted by the column of drilling fluid is not great enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation drilled. If

The force that a fluid (liquid or gas) exerts uniformly in all directions within a vessel, pipe, hole in the ground, and so forth, such as that exerted against the inner wall of a tank or that exerted on the bottom of the wellbore by a fluid. Pressure is expressed in terms of force exerted per unit of area, as pounds per square inch, or in kilopascals.

One of the two valves in a sucker rod pumping system. It moves with the movement of the sucker rod string. On the upstroke, the ball member of the valve is seated, supporting the fluid load. On the downstroke, the ball is unseated, allowing fluid to enter into the production column. Compare standing valve.

A device installed on a gas lift mandrel, which in turn is put on the tubing string of a gas lift well. Tubing and casing pressures cause the valve to open and close, thus allowing gas to be injected into the fluid in the tubing to cause the fluid to rise to the surface.

A laboratory unit used for evaluating or testing drilling fluids. One gram of material, when added to 350 milliliters of fluid, is equivalent to 1 pound of material when added to one 42-gal barrel of fluid.

1. to explode nitroglycerine or other high explosives in a hole to shatter the rock and increase the flow of oil, now largely replaced by formation fracturing.

1. the activities and methods of preparing a well for the production of oil and gas or for other purposes, such as injection; the method by which one or more flow paths for hydrocarbons are established between the reservoir and the surface.

The force exerted by a body of fluid at rest. It increases directly with the density and the depth of the fluid and is expressed in pounds per square inch or kilopascals. The hydrostatic pressure of fresh water is 0.433 pounds per square inch per foot of depth (9.792 kilopascals per meter). In drilling, the term refers to the pressure exerted by the drilling fluid in the wellbore. In a water drive field, the term refers to the pressure that may furnish the primary energy for production.

An interval device commonly found in subsurface safety valves used to protect the tool's closure mechanism from the wellbore media.

To pump drilling fluid into the wellbore while the pipe is being withdrawn to ensure that the wellbore remains full of fluid even though the pipe is withdrawn. Filling the hole lessens the danger of a kick or of caving of the well or the wellbore.

The apparent loss of weight of an object immersed in a fluid. If the object is floating, the immersed portion displaces a volume of fluid the weight of which is equal to the weight of the object.

2. the system of tubulars, packers, and other tools installed beneath the wellhead in the production casing; that is, the tool assembly that provides the hydrocarbon flow path or paths.

A single unit which acts as an oil and gas separator, an oil heater, and an oil and water treater.

To bleed pressure from casing of a dead well, then from tubing, then from casing, and so on so that the well will start to flow.

A chart made by a recording meter which shows rate of production.

The flow lines which run from several wells to a single tank battery.

The pressure resulting from restriction of full natural flow of oil or gas.

The study of the flow of gases and liquids of special importance to mud engineers and reservoir engineers.

A small plug that is run through a flow line by pressure to clean the line or test for obstructions (see pig).

A device with a restricted opening placed in the lower end of the tubing to control the rate of flow. See choke.

2. in reference to engines, a term used to describe the resistance to the flow of exhaust gas through the exhaust pipe.

A device closed around the rods when the well may flow through the tubing while the rods are being pulled. It is a form of blowout preventer.

The control valves, pressure gauges, and chokes assembled at the top of a well to control the flow of oil and gas after the well has been drilled and completed.

A dilatant, or inverted plastic, fluid is usually made up of a high concentration of well-dispersed solids that exhibits a nonlinear consistency curve passing through the origin. The apparent viscosity increases instantaneously with increasing rate of share. The yield point, as determined by conventional calculations from the direct-indicating viscometer readings, is negative; however, the true yield point is zero.

A flow-control device employing a ball with a rotating mechanism to open or close the tubing medium.

The procedure by which acid flow is confined to the natural permeability and porosity of the formation. Compare fracture acidizing.

A lease storage tank to which produced oil is run.

A mechanical fluid-measuring device that measures by filling and emptying chambers of a specific volume. The displacement of a fixed volume of fluid may be accomplished by the action of reciprocating or oscillating pistons, rotating vanes or buckets, rotating disks, or tanks or other vessels that automatically fill and empty. Also called a volume meter or volumeter.

A tubing sub made of abrasion-resistant material. It is used in a tubing string where high-velocity flow through perforations may cause external erosion.

A fluid in which the viscosity remains constant for all rates of shear if constant conditions of temperature and pressure are maintained. Most drilling fluids behave as non-Newtonian fluids, as their viscosity is not constant but varies with the rate of shear.

A phenomenon in which a pressure concession occurs by suddenly stopping the flow of liquids in a closed container. Also called water hammer.

A sleeve designed to shut off tubing-to-annulus flow should the sliding sleeve become inoperative.

A choke in which the orifice size must be changed to change the rate of flow through the choke.

In a well-control operation, closing the BOP without first opening an alternate flow path up the choke line. When the BOP is closed, pressure in the annulus cannot be read on the casing pressure gauge.

A cycle, or down the hole and back, is the time required for the pump to move the drilling fluid in he hole. The cycle in minutes equals the barrels of mud in the hole divided by barrels per minute.

A substance added to cement that chemically wets the cement particles in the slurry, allowing the slurry to flow easily without much water.

2. a valve installed at the top of the drill stem to prevent flow out of the drill pipe if a kick occurs during tripping operations.

A tank used in the field to receive crude oil as it comes from the well. Also called a flow tank or lease tank.

To pump a quantity of heavy mud into the drill pipe. Before hoisting drill pipe, it is desirable (if possible) to pump into its top section a quantity of heavy mud (a slug) that causes the level of the fluid to remain below the rig floor so that the crew members and the rig floor are not contaminated with the fluid when stands are broken out.

1. a large valve located on the Christmas tree and used to control the flow of oil and gas from a well. Also called master gate. 2. the blind or blank rams of a blowout preventer (obsolete).

A permanent packer, drillable in nature, capable of withstanding extreme working pressures, for remedial work. It has a positive flow-control valve built in.

A naturally occurring hydrophilic polysaccharide derived from the seed of the guar plant. The gum is chemically classified as a galactomannan. Guar gum slurries made up in clear fresh or brine water possess pseudoplastic flow properties.

1.a low-pressure area, around which wind flow is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The term is sometimes used to describe storms occurring in the atmosphere; in the Indian Ocean it is used to designate a tropical cyclone.

A type of corrosion that occurs when a small electric current flows from one piece of metal equipment to another. It is particularly prevalent when two dissimilar metals are present in an environment in which electricity can flow (as two dissimilar joints of tubing in an oil or gas well).

The insoluble abrasive solids content of a drilling fluid rejected by a 200-mesh screen. usually expressed as the percentage bulk volume of sand in a drilling fluid. This test is an elementary type in that the retained solids are not necessarily silica and may not be altogether abrasive. For additional information concerning the kids of solids retained on the 200-mesh screen, more specific tests would be required. See mesh.

A pump consisting of a piston that moves back and forth or up and down in a cylinder. The cylinder is equipped with inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge) valves. On the intake stroke, the suction valves are opened, and fluid is drawn into the cylinder. On the discharge stroke, the suction valves close, the discharge valves open, and fluid is forced out of the cylinder.

A valve that permits flow in one direction only. if the gas or liquid starts to reverse, the valve automatically closes, preventing reverse movement. Commonly referred to as a one-way valve.

A trough or pipe that is placed between the surface connections at the wellbore and the shale shaker and through which drilling mud flows upon its return to the surface from the hole. Also called flow line.

2. to dose the blowout preventers on a well to control a kick. The blowout preventers close off the annulus so that pressure from below cannot flow to the surface.

An arrangement of piping and special valves, called chokes. In drilling, mud is circulated through a choke manifold when the blowout preventers are closed. In well testing, a choke manifold attached to the wellhead allows flow and pressure control for test components downstream.

The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells. This bit consists of a cutting element and a circulating element. The circulating element permits the passage of drilling fluid and utilized the hydraulic force of the fluid stream to improve drilling rates. In rotary drilling, several drill collars are joined to the bottom end of the drill pipe column, and the bit is attached to the end of the string of drill collars. Most bits used in rotary drilling are roller cone bits, but diamond bits are also used extensively.

Any valve installed in the drill stem to prevent a blowout through the stem. Mud can be pumped in but flow back up the stem is prevented. Also called an internal blowout preventer.

1. a fluid that has been passed through a filter.

See fluid loss.

A gelled viscous fluid

The process of filtering a fluid.

Pull on pipe over and beyond its weight in either air or fluid

Nipple; a device through which fluid is circulated.

A device used to control the rate of flow in a line to open or shut off a line completely, or to serve as an automatic or semiautomatic safety device. Those used extensively include the check valve, gate valve, globe valve, needle valve, plug valve, and pressure relief valve.

The amount of oil in volume-percent in a drilling fluid.

A measure of the density of a fluid (such as a drilling mud).

2. any pumping procedure in which fluid is pumped into the well against pressure.

A well using a pumping unit and rods to lift fluid.

1. in mud terminology, refers to the density of a drilling fluid.

Formation gas that enters the drilling fluid in the annulus.

A method of preparing a well for production in which no production casing or liner is set opposite the producing formation. Reservoir fluids flow unrestricted into the open wellbore. An open-hole completion has limited use in rather special situations. Also called a barefoot completion.

4. in hydrostatic testing of a pipeline, a scraper used inside the line to push air out ahead of the test water and to push water out after the test. v: to force a device called a pig through a pipeline or a flow line for the purpose of cleaning the interior walls of the pipe, separating different products, or displacing fluids.

The device used to remove unwanted gas from a liquid, especially from drilling fluid.

A ship or barge specially designed to handle pipeline that is wound onto a large reel. To lay the pipeline, the vessel pays out the pipe off the reel at a steady rate onto the ocean flow. The pipeline has been constructed at an offshore facility where it has been welded, coated, inspected, and wound onto the reel.

2. replacement of one fluid by another in the pore space of a reservoir. For example, oil may be displaced by water.

Any material added to drilling fluid to change some of its characteristics or properties.

To agitate the drilling fluid in a pit by means of a mud gun, electric mixer, or agitator.

Abbreviation: radioactive densiometer; fluid-measuring device to measure density.

A special class of saltwater muds in which sea water is used as the fluid phase.

Of uniform or similar nature throughout; a substance or fluid with the same property or composition everywhere.

1. a condition in which fluid is free-falling down the well at a faster rate than the pumps can handle.

The fluid used when drilling starts at the surface, often a thick bentonite-lime slurry.

A container in which various chemicals are mixed prior to addition to drilling fluid.

The coagulation of solids in a drilling fluid, produced by special additives or by contaminants.

A record of information derived from examination of drilling fluid and drill bit cuttings. See mud logging.

The amount by which drilling fluid density is reduced by entrained formation fluids or air.

The dispersion of solids that have stuck together in drilling fluid, usually by means of chemical thinners. See flocculation.

To create holes in casing and cement set through a productive formation. A common method of completing a well is to set casing through the oil-bearing formation and cement it. A perforating gun is then lowered into the hole and fired to detonate high-powered jets or shoot steel projectiles (bullets) through the casing and cement and into the pay zone. The formation fluids flow out of the reservoir through the perforations and into the wellbore. See perforating gun.

A drilling fluid containing essentially clay and water; no special or expensive chemicals or conditioners are added.

A condition wherein the drilling fluid fails to form measurable gels during a quiescent time interval (usually 10 minutes)

Any drilling fluid, usually oil-base or invert-emulsion muds, the continuous phase of which does not conduct electricity, e.g., oil.

An opening or space within a rock or mass of rocks, usually small and often filled with some fluid (water, oil, gas, or all three). Compare vug.

A cutoff pup joint below a packer used as a fluid entry device and/or seal assemblies guide

To add solid materials (such as bentonite or other clay) to a drilling fluid composed mainly of clear water to obtain certain desirable properties.

The reciprocal of viscosity. The measure of rate with which a fluid is continuously deformed by a shearing stress; ease of flowing.

Balls made of nylon, hard rubber, or both and used to shut off perforations through which excessive fluid is being lost.

The amount of the pore volume of a reservoir rock that is filled by water, oil, or gas and measured in routine core analysis.

A synthetic high-molecular-weight polymer of acrylonitrile used primarily as a fluid loss control agent

The process in which reservoir fluids are caused to flow out of the reservoir rock and into a wellbore by natural energy. Gas drives depend on the fact that, as the reservoir is produced, pressure is reduced, allowing the gas to expand and provide the driving energy. Water-drive reservoirs depend on water pressure to force the hydrocarbons out of the reservoir and into the wellbore.

The crew member who handles the upper end of the drill string as it is being hoisted out of or lowered into the hole. He is also responsible for the circulating machinery and the conditioning of the drilling fluid.

A device used to form a seal around a reciprocating or rotating rod (as in a pump) to prevent fluid leakage. Specifically, the movable part of a stuffing box by which the packing is compressed.

To increase the weight or density of drilling fluid by adding weighting material.

Injection of gases or liquids into a reservoir to force oil toward and into producing wells.

The pressure gradient (psi/ft) at which the formation accepts whole fluid from the wellbore.

A fluid of vapor composed of hydrocarbons; dry gas is nearly free of oil and gasoline vapor.

1. the pressure maintained on equipment or systems through which a fluid flows.

Movement of drilling fluid from mud pits, down drill stem, up annulus, and back to mud pits.

Tongs that are actuated by air or hydraulic fluid and are used for making up or breaking out sucker rods

2. difference between the annular velocity of the fluid and the rate at which a cutting is removed from the hole.

A method of improved recovery in which steam is injected into a reservoir through injection wells and driven toward production wells. The steam reduces the viscosity of crude off, causing it to flow more freely. The heat vaporizes lighter hydrocarbons; as they move ahead of the steam, they cool and condense into liquids that dissolve and displace crude oil The steam provides additional gas drive. This method is used to recover viscous oils. Also called continuous steam injection or steam flooding.

An employee of a drilling fluid supply company whose duty it is to test and maintain the drilling mud properties that are specified by the operator.

Preventing the passage of fluid. A formation may be porous yet impermeable if there is an absence of connecting passages between the voids within it. See permeability.

A semisolid, jelly-like state assumed by some colloidal dispersions at rest. When agitated, the gel converts to a fluid state. Also a nickname for bentonite.

The amount of fluid that can be delivered through a permeable filter medium after being subjected to a set differential pressure for a set length of time.

A small hydraulic line used to communicate fluid from the surface to a downhole tool, such as a subsurface safety valve.

A loss of pressure that results from friction sustained by a fluid passing through a line, valve, fitting, or other device.

A drilling fluid with a pH range above 10.5 i.e., a high-alkalinity mud.

A reservoir formation in which fluid or plastic masses of rock material originated at unknown depths and pierced or lifted the overlying sedimentary strata.

1. a short length of surface-hardened pipe that fits inside the swivel and serves as a conduit for drilling fluid through the swivel.

Weight per unit volume of drilling fluid usually expressed in pounds per gallon or pounds per cubic foot. See hydrostatic pressure.

1. a pipe connection around a valve or other control mechanism that is installed to permit passage of fluid through the line while adjustments or repairs are being made on the control.

The unwanted migration of the liquid part of the drilling mud or cement slurry into a formation, often minimized or prevented by the blending of additives with the mud or cement.

A short string of large-diameter casing used to keep the wellbore open and to provide a means of conveying the upflowing drilling fluid from the wellbore to the mud pit.

The random movement exhibited by microscopic particles when suspended in liquids or gases. It is caused by the impact of molecules of fluid surrounding the particle.

The electrokinetic portion of the spontaneous potential electric-log curve that can be influenced significantly by the characteristics of the filtrate and mud cake or the drilling fluid that was used to drill the well.

A test that measures the reservoir pressure of the well, obtained at a specific depth or at the midpoint of the producing zone. A flowing bottomhole pressure test measures pressure while the well continues to flow; a shut-in bottomhole pressure test measures pressure after the well has been shut in for a specified period of time. See bottomhole pressure, bottomhole pressure gauge.

1. a passageway through jet bits that causes the drilling fluid to be ejected from the bit at high velocity. The jet of mud clears the bottom of the hole. Nozzles come in different sizes that can be interchanged on the bit to adjust the velocity with which the mud exits the bit.

Total pressure exerted in the wellbore by a column of fluid and/or back-pressure imposed at the surface.

1. a condition sometimes encountered in a pumping well when dissolved gas, released from solution during the upstroke of the plunger, appears as free gas between the valves. If the gas pressure is sufficient, the standing valve is locked shut, and no fluid enter the tubing.

Total amount of solids in a drilling fluid as determined by distillation. Includes both the dissolved and the suspended or undissolved solids.

The reduction of permeability in a reservoir rock caused by the invasion of drilling fluid and treating fluids to the section adjacent to the wellbore. Often call skin damage.

An instrument used to measure the shear strength, or gel strength, of a drilling fluid. See gel strength

The maximum reading (defletion) taken from a direct-reading viscometer after fluid has been quiescent for 10 seconds. It is reported in pounds per 100 square feet. See API-RP13B for details of test procedure.

The property exhibited by a fluid that is in a liquid state when flowing and in a semisolid, gelled state when at rest. Most drilling fluids must be thixotropic so that cuttings will remain in suspension when circulation is stopped.

The topmost portion of a string of sucker rods. It is used for lifting fluid by the rod-pumping method. It has a uniform diameter and is smoothly polished to seal pressure effectively in the stuffing box attached to the top of the well.

Any of several devices used to agitate, or mix, the liquids and solids that make up drilling fluid. These devices include jet hoppers, paddles, stirrers, mud guns, and chemical barrels.

A manifold system of valves, usually situated at the power source, which may be operated manually (or by remote control) to direct pressurized fluid to closing devices at wellhead.

Determination of the relative percentages of substances, e.g., the suspended solids in a drilling fluid that pass through or are retained on a sequence of screens of decreasing mesh size. Also called sieve analysis.

A fluid-pressure test of the casing. Also called a cup test.

The smooth, uninterrupted circulation of drilling fluid down the drill stem, out the bit, up the annular space between the pipe and the hole, and back to the surface. Compare reverse circulation.

A device that prevents leakage along a piston, rod, propeller shaft, or other moving part that passes through a hole in a cylinder or vessel. It consists of a box or chamber made by enlarging the hole and a gland containing compressed packing. On a well being artificially lifted by means of a sucker rod pump, the polished rod operates through a stuffing box, preventing escape of oil and diverting it into a side outlet to which is connected the flow line leading to the oil and gas separator or to the field storage tank. For a bottomhole pressure test, the wireline goes through a stuffing box and lubricator, allowing the gauge to be raised and lowered against well pressure. The lubricator provides a pressure-tight grease seal in the stuffing box.

Additives that, when added to drilling fluid, lubricate bearing surfaces subjected to extreme pressure.

Descriptive of any tool or device that can be pumped down a wellbore. Pump-down tools are not lowered into the well on wireline; instead, they are pumped down the well with the drilling fluid.

The process whereby a volume of fluid equal to the volume of steel in tubular and tools withdrawn from the wellbore is returned to the wellbore.

2. a large pipe connected to a process tank to provide a statis head that can absorb surges of fluid from the process tank.

A drilling or workover fluid in which oil is the continuous phase and which contains from less than 2 percent and up to 5 percent water. This water is spread out, or dispersed, in the oil as small droplets. See oil mud.

A device that reduces the pressure or volume of a fluid flowing in a line and maintains the pressure or volume at a specified level.

When the opposite occurs of what is intended in a drilling fluid. In an invert water-in-oil emulsion, the emulsion is said to be flipped when the continuous and dispersed phases reverse.

1. a drilling mud in which the water has an appreciable amount of salt (usually sodium or calcium chloride) dissolved in it. Also called saltwater mud or saline drilling fluid.

An electric or hydraulic pump on an accumulator that pumps hydraulic fluid under high pressure to the blowout preventers so that they may be closed or opened.

A heavy-duty steel, T-shaped pipe fitting that is screwed or flanged to the top of a pumping well. The polished rod works through a stuffing box on top of the tee and in the run of the tee to operate a sucker rod pump in the well. Pumped fluid is discharged through the side opening of the tee.

Pressure of the annular fluid on the casing at the surface when a well is shut in.

Laboratory analysis of a core sample to determine porosity, permeability, lithology, fluid content, angle of dip, geological age, and probably productivity of the formation.

To displace the wellbore fluid back to the surface; to displace tubing volume back to the pit.

Substances generally regarded as drilling mud contaminants, such as salt and calcium sulfate, are called inhibitors when purposely added to mud so that the filtrate from the drilling fluid will prevent or retard the hydration of formation clays shells.

Heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and circulate the drilling fluid. Joints of pipe approximately 30 feet (9 meters) long are coupled together by means of tool joints.

1. the weight of a fluid (such as water) displaced by a freely floating or submerged body (such as an offshore drilling rig). if the body floats, the displacement equals the weigh of the body.

A laboratory unit used in pilot testing. One gram or pound equivalent, when added to 350 ml of fluid, is equivalent to 1 lb/bbl.

A hydraulically operated tool that is run in above the fishing tool and anchored to the casing by slips. It exerts a strong upward pull on the fish by hydraulic power derived from fluid that is pumped down the fishing string.

The equipment included in the drilling fluid circulating system of a rotary rig. Basically, the components consist of the mud pump, rotary hose, swivel, drill stem, bit, and mud return line.

Trade name for a downhole motor driven by drilling fluid that imparts rotary motion to a drilling bit connected to the tool, thus eliminating the need to turn the entire drill stem to make hole. Used in straight and directional drilling.

An open pit dug in the ground to hold drilling fluid or waste materials discarded after the treatment of drilling mud. For some drilling operations, mud pits are used for suction to the mud pumps, settling of mud sediments, and storage of reserve mud. Steel tanks are much more commonly used for these purposes now, but they are still sometimes referred to as pits.

A pump with an impeller or rotor, an impeller shaft, and a casing, which discharges fluid by centrifugal force.

A device that increases the pressure on a fluid or raises it to a higher level. Various types of pumps include the bottomhole pump, centrifugal pump, hydraulic pump, jet pump, mud pump, reciprocating pump, rotary pump, sucker rod pump, and submersible pump

1. to collect a mass of sticky consolidated material, usually drill cuttings, on drill pipe, drill collars, bits, and so forth. A bit with such material attached to it is called a balled-up bit. Balling up is frequently the result of inadequate pump pressure or insufficient drilling fluid.

A drilling method in which a hole is drilled by a rotating bit to which a downward force is applied. The bit is fastened to and rotated by the drill stem, which also provides a passageway through which the drilling fluid is circulated. Additional joints of drill pipe are added as drilling progresses.

The heavy steel member, three-, four-, six-, or eight-sided, suspended from the swivel through the rotary table and connected to the topmost joint of drill pipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns. It has a bored passageway that permits fluid

A set of controls, usually placed on the rig floor, that is manipulated to control the amount of drilling fluid being circulated through the choke manifold. This procedure is necessary when a kick is being circulated out of a well. See choke manifold.

A chemical used to lighten the water column in gas wells, in oilwells producing gas, and in drilling wells in which air or gas is used as the drilling fluid so that the water can be forced out with the air or gas to prevent its impeding the production or drilling rate.

When explosives are used to fracture a formation. At the moment of detonation, the explosion furnishes a source of high-pressure gas to force fluid into the formation. The rubble prevent fracture healing, making the use of proppants unnecessary. Compare hydraulic fracturing.

A plan or procedure, with respect to depth, for the type and properties of drilling fluid to be used in drilling a well. Some factors that influence the mud program are the casing program and such formation characteristics as type, competence, solubility, temperature, and pressure.

A formation that absorbs drilling fluid as it is circulated in the well. Lost circulation is caused by a thief formation. Also called a thief sand or a thief zone.

1. a valve used to regulate back-pressure on equipment or systems through which a fluid flows.

See low-solids mud

See low-solids mud

The gathering of pressure data and fluid samples from a formation to determine its production potential before choosing a completion method. Testing tools include formation testers and drill stem test tools.

A centrifugal device for removing very fine particles, or silt, from drilling fluids to keep the amount of solids in the fluid at the lowest possible point. Usually, the lower the solids content of mud, the faster is the rate of penetration. The desilter work on the same principle as a desander. Compare desander.

The difference between two fluid pressures; for example, the difference between the pressure in a reservoir and in a wellbore drilled in the reservoir, or between atmospheric pressure at sea level and at 10,000 feet.

The surface tension occurring at the interface between two liquids that do not mix, such as oil and water. Interfacial tension is caused by the difference in fluid pressures of the liquids.

To pass from one point throughout a system and back to the starting point. For example, drilling fluid is circulated out of the suction pit, down the drill pipe and drill collars, out the bit, up the annulus, and back to the pits while drilling proceeds.

To start the mud pump for restoring circulation of the mud column. Because the stagnant drilling fluid has thickened or gelled during the period of no circulation, high pump pressure is usually required to break circulation.

A well is considered "stabilized" when, in the case of a flowing well, the rate of production through a given size of choke remains constant, or, in the case of pumping well, when the fluid column within the well remains constant in height.

The pressure lost in a pipeline or annulus due to the velocity of the liquid in the pipeline, the properties of the fluid, the condition of the pipe wall, and the alignment of the pipe. In certain mud-mixing systems, the loss of head can be substantial

The filtration characteristics of a drilling mud. In general, these qualities are inverse to the thickness of the filter cake deposited on the face of a porous medium and the amount of filtrate allowed to escape from the drilling fluid into or through the medium.

The fibrous, flaky, or granular material added to a cement slurry or drilling fluid to aid in sealing formations in which lost circulation has occurred. See lost circulation, lost circulation material.

A measure of the density of a drilling fluid expressed as pounds per gallon, pounds per cubic foot, or kilograms per cubic meter. Mud weight is directly related to the amount of pressure the column of drilling mud exerts at the bottom of the hole.

Pressure of the annular fluid on the casing at the surface when a well is shut in

The liquid circulated through the wellbore during rotary drilling and workover operations. In addition to its function of bringing cuttings to the surface, drilling mud cools and lubricates the bit and drill stem, protects against blowouts by holding back subsurface pressures, and deposits a mud cake on the wall of the borehole to prevent loss of fluids to the formation. See drilling fluid.

To obtain cuttings for geological information as formations are penetrated by the bit. The samples are obtained from drilling fluid as it emerges from the wellbore or, in cable-tool drilling, from the bailer. Cuttings are carefully washed until they are free of foreign matter, dried, and labeled to indicate the depth at which they were obtained.

Light waves shorter than the visible blue violet waves of the spectrum. Crude oil, colored distillates, residuum, a few drilling fluid additives, and certain minerals and chemicals fluoresce in the presence of ultraviolet light. These substances, when present in mud, may cause the mud to fluoresce.

In drilling-fluid terminology, yield point means yield value (which see). Of the two terms, yield point is more common.

A rubber-bodied, plastic- or aluminum-cored device used to separate cement and drilling fluid as they are being pumped down the inside of the casing during cementing operations. A wiper plug also removes drilling mud that adheres to the inside of the casing.

A reinforced flexible tub on a rotary drilling rig that conducts the drilling fluid from the standpipe to the swivel and kelly. Also called the mud hose or the kelly hose

The downhole assembly used to lift fluid to the surface by the reciprocating action of the sucker rod string. Basic components are barrel, plunger, valves, and hold-down. Two types of sucker rod pumps are the tubing pump, in which the barrel is attached to the tubing, and the rod, or insert, pump, which is run into the well as a complete unit.

The column, or string, of drill pipe with attached tool joints that transmits fluid and rotational power from the kelly to the drill collars and bit. Often, especially in the oil patch, the term is loosely applied to both drill pipe and drill collars. Compare drill stem.

A procedure whereby the formation immediately below the casing shoe is subjected to a pressure equal to the pressure expected to be exerted later by a higher drilling glut density or by the sum of a higher drilling fluid density and back-pressure created by a kick.

The column, or string, of drill pipe with attached tool joints that transmits fluid and rotational power form the kelly to the drill collars and bit. Often, especially in the oil patch, the term is loosely applied to both drill pipe and drill collars. Compare drill stem.

A measure of the ability of a colloidal dispersion to develop and retain a gel form, based on its resistance to shear. The gel, or shear, strength of a drilling mud determines its ability to hold solids in suspension. Sometimes bentonite and other colloidal clays are added to drilling fluid to increase its gel strength.

A device that stores hydraulic fluid under pressure in special containers and provides a method to open and close the blowout preventers quickly and reliably. Usually, compressed air and hydraulic pressure provide the opening and closing force in the unit. See blowout preventer.

A cast-iron or magnesium drillable tool consisting of a packing assembly and a back-pressure valve. It is used to close off the annular space between tubing or drill pipe and casing to allow the placement of cement or fluid through the tubing or drill pipe at any predetermined point behind the casing or liner, around the shoe, or into the open hole around the shoe.

An oil-recovery process which involves the injection of a solvent followed by a displacing fluid. - A method of secondary recovery of fluids from a reservoir by injection of fluids that are miscible with the reservoir fluids.

See invert-emulsion mud, water loss, fluid loss.

1. a short, heavy, cylindrical section of steel filled with concrete and rounded at the bottom, which is placed at the end of the casing string. It prevents the casing from snagging on irregularities in the borehole as it is lowered. A passage through the center of the shoe allow drilling fluid to pass up into the casing while it is being lowered and allows cement to pass out during cementing operations. Also called casing shoe.

Formation fluid pressure equivalent to about 0.465 pounds per square foot of depth from the surface. If the formation pressure is 4,650 pounds per square inch at 10,000 feet, it is considered normal.

A sealing device used to close off the annular space around the kelly in drilling with pressure at the surface, usually installed above the main blowout preventers. A rotating head makes it possible to drill ahead even when there is pressure in the annulus that the weight of the drilling fluid is not overcoming; the head prevents the well from blowing out. It is used mainly in the drilling of formations that have low permeability. The rate of penetration through such formations is usually rapid.

A special coupling device inserted one or two joints above the bottom of the casing string that contains a check valve to permit fluid to pass downward but not upward through the casing. The float collar prevents drilling mud from entering the casing while it is being lowered, allowing the casing to float during its descent and thus decreasing the load on the derrick or mat. A float collar also prevents backflow of cement during a cementing operation.

The course of drilling fluid downward through the annulus and upward through the drill stem, in contrast to normal circulation in which the course is downward through the drill stem and upward through the annulus. Seldom used in open hole, but frequently used in workover operations. Also referred to as "circulating the short way," since returns from bottom can be obtained more quickly than in normal circulation.

A compressible fluid that fills any container in which it is confined. Technically, a gas will not condense when it is compressed and cooled, because a gas can exist only above the critical temperature for its particular composition. Below the critical temperature, this form of matter is known as a vapor, because liquid can exist and condensation can occur. Sometimes the terms "gas" and"vapor" are used interchangeably. The latter, however, should be used for those streams in which condensation can occur and that originate form, or are in equilibrium with, a liquid phase.

A substance that consists of large molecules formed from smaller molecules in repeating structural units (monomers). In oilfield operations, various types of polymers are used to thicken drilling mud, fracturing fluid, acid, water, and other liquids. See micellar-polymer flooding, polymer mud. In petroleum refining, heat and pressure are used to polymerize light hydrocarbons into larger molecules, such as those that make up high-octane gasoline. In petrochemical production, polymer hydrocarbons are used as a feedstock for plastics.

A tubular, perforated device attached to the bottom of sucker-rod pump that helps to prevent gas lock. The device works on the principle that gas, being lighter than oil, rises. As well fluids enter the anchor, the gas breaks out of the fluid and exits from the anchor through perforations near the top. The remaining fluids enter the pump through a mosquito bill (a tube with the anchor), which has an opening near the bottom. In this way, all or most of the gas escapes before the fluids enter the pump.

A mixture in which one liquid, termed the dispersed phase, is uniformly distributed (usually as minute globules) in another liquid, called the continuous phase or dispersion medium. In an oil-water emulsion, the oil is the dispersed phase and the water the dispersion medium; in a water-oil emulsion, the reverse holds. A typical product of oilwells, water-oil emulsion is also used as a drilling fluid.

The pipe and special fittings used on floating offshore drilling rigs to establish a seal between the top of the wellbore, which is on the ocean floor, and the drilling equipment, located above the surface of the water. A riser pipe serves as a guide for the drill stem from the drilling vessel to the wellhead and as a conductor of drilling fluid from the well to the vessel. The riser consists of several sections of pipe and includes special devices to compensate for any movement of the drilling rig caused by waves. It is also called a marine riser.

Seamless steel or aluminum pipe made up in the drill stem between the kelly or top drive on the surface and the drill collars on the bottom. During drilling, it is usually rotated while drilling fluid is circulated through it. Drill pipe joints are available in three ranges of length: 18 to 22 feet, 27 to 30 feet, and 38 to 45 feet. The most popular length is 27 to 30 feet. It is available with outside diameters ranging from 2 7/8 to 5 1/2 inches. Several joints are made up (screwed together) to form the drill string.

A variation of squeeze cementing for wells with two producing zones in which (1) the upper fluid sand is perforated; (2) tubing is run with a packer, and the packer is set between the two perforated intervals; (3) water is circulated between the two zones to remove as much mud as possible from the channel; (4) cement is pumped through the channel and circulated; (5) the packer is released and picked up above the upper perforation, a low squeeze pressure is applied, and the excess cement is circulated out. The process is applicable where there is communication behind the pipe between the two producing zones because of channeling of the primary cement or where there is essentially no cement in the annulus.